But not being essential to that account, its introduction there would have further confused a subject already sufficiently obscure. Overall, marriage seems to have been viewed by [58] The punishment considered most severe amongst the Gauls, according to Caesar, is to ban criminals from religious rites,[59] which probably is better understood as outlawing them. She brought with her a substantial dowry in the form of cattle, horses, sheep, and household goods. Spindler 1976; Burmeister 2000; Baitinger & Pinsker 2002. A. Cosgrove, Dublin 1985 5-24. The Chieftains Official Website Discography https://web.archive.org/web/20110723095602/http://www.thechieftains.com/discography/disc_celticwedding.asp. This practice was, of course, opposed by the church as it was often in violation to their teachings regarding marriage within certain degrees of affinity and consanguinity. Welsh men could divorce their wives for adultery and they would get all of the marriage property. ), Religion 101: Women and marriage under ancient Irish Brehon law, Ways to get involved in the 2022 Election. This law however was exempt in both Scotland and the Channel Islands. The codification of Welsh law has been traditionally ascribed to Hywel Dda, king of most of Wales between 942 and his death in 950. Where Celtic societies in late prehistory are concerned, all evidence points to such an absence of a strong central state control, and a largely kin-based enforcement of legal claims. All freemen who owned land, all professionals, and all craftsmen, were entitled to become members of a tuath. ownership of property. It is most likely that if the offender did not submit willingly to settle the dispute in court, he could be distrained by the plaintiff. In some cases, cognate terms used for parallel practices in the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws allow us to assume that these practices were already used in what is referred to by linguists as the 'common Celtic period', which is usually dated to around 1000 BC (e.g. Replacing Brehon law with Canon law was one of the first things the English did to gain control over the Irish. 0000005309 00000 n In this case she is entitled to a divorce. Upon the death of her husband or upon divorce, the dowry would be returned to her. The Handfasting ritual takes its name from the joining and tying of the hands of the couple to be wed, usually with cords. One example of an upper class marriage can be seen in the marriage of Granuaile (Grace) OMalley to Dnal OFlaherty, which joined two strong clans. That druids were moral philosophers is also known from other historical sources such as Strabo,[64] which may indicate that at least part of the druids was trained as professional lawyers. They are mostly centred around kinship and contractual relations, although we have some ideas about criminal law and legal procedure as well. Tumblr thinking celts allowed interracial and homosexual relationships? The regulation of contractual relationships is one of the most important elements in any legal system, and especially so in societies where there is a lack of a strong central state, enforcing codified law. These relations are not defined; but I believe that the first was the only one that had a religious sanction, and that the second and third were merely civil relations, the third being distinctly stuprous and of itself scarcely conferring any right. I can only find the tumblr post supporting interacial marriage, not needing to take last names, and comedians being unable to marry. Photo by Jennifer Pahlka from Oakland, CA, [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. The album features guest performances by Breton artists Nolwen Monjarret, The laws recognised three relations between men and women. The Law of Hywel Dda. Pucher, E. 1998. It is not clear whether, in late prehistory, it was equally detailed as Irish law seems to indicate for early medieval Ireland. Source: Marriage in Ireland, ed. Marriage in medieval Ireland was a business contract and thus children of those parties were protected. By: Celtic Bard Jeff. All songs traditional. From Spain, a number of so-called tesserae hospitales, 'hospitality tablets', are known, inscribed in Celtiberian, often with no more than a single word, occasionally with very short sentences. endstream endobj 18 0 obj<> endobj 20 0 obj<> endobj 21 0 obj<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 22 0 obj<> endobj 23 0 obj<> endobj 24 0 obj<> endobj 25 0 obj<> endobj 26 0 obj<> endobj 27 0 obj<>stream The Lives of Ancient Celtic Women Celtic women were distinct in the ancient world for the liberty and rights they enjoyed and the position they held in society. Compared to their counterparts in Greek, Roman, and other ancient societies, they were allowed much freedom of activity and protection under the law. [38] However, it seems rather evident from statements like the one of Caesar that " those most distinguished by birth and wealth have the greatest number of vassals and clients about them. The importance that ancestry had for the late prehistoric Celts is stressed by several classical authors,[16] and seems at least for some areas, in some periods also be confirmed in the archaeology by the effort put into burials. Kurz- und langfristige Geschfte. This 1980s folk album-related article is a stub. *komarom, 'joint ploughing', it is one of the areas where early law may have even penetrated to within the internal processes of the individual kin-group, particularly where some members of a ploughing cooperative were not kinsmen, while others were: as formal contracts would have been required between all members of the cooperative, they would also have bound members of the same kin in formal contracts. Most often a Handfasting will be held outside, in as natural a setting as possible amongst nature and the Elements. We are lacking direct evidence as to what happened once a judgement had been found, and whether there were any appeals procedures possible, but most likely the party who had been convicted would have been expected to pay, by a certain date, any fines or premiums awarded to the victorious party. Kos Media, LLC. Wien: Edition Prsens, 3839. It was estimated in various ways according to circumstances. The focus on certain elements of the law, like those dealing with kin-group relations and contracts, makes it likely that these principles evolved out of the needs of still primarily kinship-based societies. Site content may be used for any purpose without explicit permission unless otherwise specified. In P.C. Irish Catholics continued many of their pagan ways, including the fact that a chieftains coronation was not done in a church, but at the traditional pagan rath. Uz('G5Q"&&',3.;u`%>S%bGBF&|B`N}0l.b'm`4Fw#4WP.I In other words, all law was tort law, with no "victimless" crimes or crimes against the State. Ramsl (ed. Rings are exchanged along with their promises of love and the whole Rite is viewed as a sacred act between the two. It relates the circumstances under which the great exodus to the New World began, the trials and tribulations faced by these tough American pioneers and the enduring influence they came to exert on the politics, education and religion of the country. Wales The ancient Celts who occupied large parts of Europe from 700 to 400 CE displayed a clear belief in an afterlife as evidenced in their treatment of the dead. As such, 'Celtic law' would be any law (usually) dispensed in a Celtic language. 5.4.2, 5.27.2; for more examples see Kraue 1998, 3345. Walters (eds. As such, it is hardly surprising that some of the most obvious similarities, and the largest body of cognate terminology from late prehistory and between Irish and Welsh, in case of the latter two associated with parallel practices, exists. xref Today the ancient indigenous law system of Ireland is often called Brehon Law. It is a space that is honoured and made sacred to the Elements of nature, and one that is made special for this most honoured and romantic tradition. "Analyse der Tierknochen.". The Honeymoon. 14. The most commonly documented form of marriage ceremony in ancient Greek literature is the Athenian tradition. It may have been more common with the upper classes, for a husband would need to have considerable wealth to take care of all of his wives or at the very least the children from those unions. There are a million theories out there.) Medieval Welsh law allowed either husband or wife to dissolve a marriage at whim, and legal grounds for divorce only affected the division of property. When the ceremony is over the happy couple jump the broomstick, which is a symbol of the joining together of man with woman, to ensure love and happiness for their future. Women were often warriors and they could serve as ambassadors to other countries. The early Irish Catholicism was very different from that of the Roman Catholic Church at this time. If you need a wedding singer for a Celtic Marriage Ceremony, or in fact any marriage ceremony, visit: Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Binchy 1972; Stacey 1986a; 1986b; 1990; Pryce 1986; Walters 1986; Kelly 1988, 15889; McLeod 1992; Karl 2006, 183225; Karl forthcoming. Much as with crime and punishment, we have only little direct evidence from later prehistory where legal procedure is concerned. She retained the ties to her family which meant that she had a certain degree of independence. It thus is quite likely that both the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws, the two that have survived for posterity in sufficient detail to be reasonable interpretable, are local developments, having originated where they are documented, but constantly subject to outside influence and internal innovation, and thus not particularly dissimilar to other laws practised in their vicinity at the time they were recorded. The American Society of Irish Medieval Studies seeks to develop Irish medieval studies as an academic discipline within the United States. While foreigners without local kin or a local host would thus have been 'fair game', it is likely that at least some members of late prehistoric Celtic polities were able to grant legal protection to foreigners (guests). In Gaelic-Irish customary law, the bride had certain rights to contract-making and responsibilities within the marriage. Similarly, the reference in Caesar that many Gauls send their children to study druidry, which is best to be studied in Britain at its alleged point of origin,[33] together with his remark that the Gauls do not suffer to be seen with their children in public,[34] might indicate that fosterage practices were widespread. Contractual relationships most likely were of particularly great significance in ordinary subsistence economy. Altkeltische Sozialstrukturen. Kelly 1988, 231), although this at best is a very rough estimate. This content was created by a Daily Kos Community member. This seems to be evident from historical sources,[19] and would fit well with what we find in the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws.[20]. IFunny is fun of your life. Within the family, women were considered to be subordinate to the male head of household (father, uncle, or brother). An American widows account of her travels in Ireland in 184445 on the eve of the Great Famine: Sailing from New York, she set out to determine the condition of the Irish poor and discover why so many were emigrating to her home country. Under the Brehon Law system established by the Druids, the role of women in Irish society was very different than in other European areas. A woman was responsible for her own debts and not those of her husband.. If this was the case a Handfasting ritual could be performed and then when a traveling Clergyman visited the community the marriage could then be legalised by the Church. The Spirit of Brehon Law is in its intention. The Scotch-Irish in America tells the story of how the hardy breed of men and women, who in America came to be known as the Scotch-Irish, was forged in the north of Ireland during the seventeenth century. Society and Law in Continental Celtic Europe. In his book The Druids, Peter Ellis writes: The position of women, as it emerges in the Brehon Law system of Ireland, at a time when women were treated as mere chattels in most European societies, was amazingly advanced., A woman could inherit property and remained the owner of any property she brought into a marriage. Jenkins 1982; Kelly 1988, 1012; 1995, 44577; Charles-Edwards 1993, 44656. The Ocean Plague: or, A Voyage to Quebec in an Irish Emigrant Vessel. In short, the brehons themselves were not involved in the enforcement of decisions, which rested again with private individuals linked through sureties.[3]. In the Greek tragedy Iphigenia in Aulis, the 5th-century BCE Athenian playwright Euripides describes the wedding preparations (or proaulia) for Iphigenias doomed marriage to Achilles: For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The change to Roman law and to patriarchy was not immediate. The book is also available in Kindle. WebThe Celts, Women & Sex. Irish women were able to gain influence through the acquisition of wealth. Just extrapolating from what I know about Europe which is admittedly limited. A 2nd degree marriage is when the woman has less property than the man. Agricultural Co-operation in Welsh Medieval Law. 0000001122 00000 n Fun fact: we deliver faster than Amazon. The common form of punishment, however, seems to have been the imposition of fines. But other than that, archaeology remains mostly silent. A Handfasting can last forever, so long as love remains, even unto the lives that may follow. Regarding the role of women in the new Irish Christian church, Peter Ellis reports: Female church leaders were initially seen as equal with their male counterparts as they had been under the pre-Christian Celtic religion., Women were able, initially, in accordance with Celtic philosophy, to celebrate the divine sacrifice of Mass, as well as the male priests. Donnchadh Corrin. As Caesar reports that the leaders of the Gaulish factions are those with the greatest influence, whose opinion is most highly thought of,[41] it is quite likely that such differences in rank also had consequences in legal proceedings, much like in the Irish case.[42]. This custom spanned the centuries and was still legal in many parts until 1753 when one Lord Hardwick passed an Act through Parliament declaring that marriages in England could only be legal if sanctioned by the Church. It is problematic to date Common Celtic law, and the best we can arrive at are rough estimates. Keep in mind, I'm not an expert in Celtic marriage laws Ireland Gretna Green is still a popular choice for marriage because of the romantic associations it has had of eloping lovers running away to seal their love against all odds! IFunny Brazil is fun of your life. While we cannot date or place the origin of the various principles that make up Celtic laws in later prehistory (some of them probably of great antiquity even when they became part of Celtic laws, others perhaps developed as late as the Iron Age), once we find them expressed in Celtic legal terminology, we can reasonably call them 'Celtic laws'. Roman Law in Context. Abstract This paper takes its cue from recent debates over the helpfulness (or not) of the term Celtic to our understanding of non-linguistic cultural parallels amongst the peoples represented in the medieval records of Ireland and Wales. Either party could file for divorce and there were a lot more legally accepted reasons. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Law Texts from Medieval Wales. 1993. [14], Finally, there are the archaeological sources, which abound, but are almost impossible to interpret as to their possible legal meanings. The album features guest performances by Breton artists Nolwen Monjarret, Bernard Pichard, Alain Guerton and Michel Bertae. Infantizid. The Celtic wedding tradition of throwing rice on the newlyweds is extremely old and predates Christianity. While we have no direct evidence for that, it is highly likely that legal proceedings only started if there was a plaintiff, either the injured party or a representative, the latter almost certainly a kinsmen of the injured party. trailer As there are hardly any characteristics of Celtic law that cannot be found in at least some other, non-Celtic laws as well, the most sensible definition of Celtic law seems to be one that focuses on the language in which the law is (usually) dispensed. Your anaconda definitely wants some. Your anaconda definitely wants some. [27] Given that the main focus in the early medieval Irish laws where sexual unions are concerned are with the contribution to and division of assets of the union in case of divorce, as well as the responsibilities towards children resulting from these unions, it is quite likely that similar provisions also were at the core of earlier Celtic laws' treatments of the matter of sexual unions. 1986. (LogOut/ Law is not static; it changes constantly to suit the needs of the society which it regulates. What little there is to be found, again mostly in Caesar's account of the Gaulish wars, seems again to fit reasonably well with what we could reconstruct as general principles from early medieval Irish and Welsh law. Before St. Patrick converted Ireland to Christianity, the ancient Irish had a completely different set of social, spiritual and legal traditions. Polygynythe marriage of a man to more than one woman at the same timewas recognized in pre-Norman Ireland. e.g. In the absence of extensive written records by the Celts themselves, we are left to surmise their religious beliefs from secondhand classical authors. Fun fact: we deliver faster than Amazon. Joseph R. Peden, Stateless Societies, p. 4. b.g. So far as the laws show, the marriage relation was extremely loose, and divorce was as easy, and could be obtained on as slight grounds, as is now the case in some of the States of the American Union. Celtic Laws Defining Marriage According to historian Peter Berresford Ellis, the early Celts had a sophisticated, unified law system. Women could govern and take prominent roles in political, religious, and artistic life, and even act as judges and lawgivers. They could choose when and whom to marry. How many illegitimate children in todays society are without any legal, economic, or social support? In J. Waldhauser (ed.). e.g. In the early Christian era, the Irish recognized ten different kinds of marriage. [10] Botorrita IV might even start with a legalistic formula, '[ tam: tirikantam: entorkue: toutam [|]: sua kombal[ke]z: '[11] which could perhaps be interpreted as 'the senate and the people have decided',[12] mirroring the Roman equivalent. For those people who follow a Pagan Path the vows taken within a Handfasting ceremony are no less binding than those taken in a Church or Registry Office. Sources But if the husband was caught, this wasnt grounds for divorce; he just paid a fine. The surprisingly close parallels between the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws where sexual unions are concerned,[24] and the similarity between the most prestigious union described in them with the Gaulish marriage as described by Caesar,[25] indicate that the treatment of different sexual unions was quite similar over wide areas of western Europe from late prehistory well into the medieval period. usurpation of kingship amongst the Helvetii. -)5 9Yo`(9q^cx(F'NI]$(`CQhFY_"-`p/Pen2Yd_iRVb_-85[.L$!-+6\^ Cjd8'eCg/j '(=!qh%d&V!j The laws recognised three relations between men and women. In making these calculations various matters of set-off arose with which we need not trouble ourselves here. Vendryes 1959, A-57; Delamarre 2003, 589. [36] Fosterage networks, establishing artificial kinship and thus political and information exchange networks also are a good explanation for the spread of some aspects of 'Celtic' material culture, like e.g. The laws were written in the Old Irish period (ca. Originally it was a betrothal or a promise of marriage between two people who would then spend a traditional term of a year and day together to see if they were compatible. The world hopes for even more passionate writers like, A fairly new trend in wedding ring design has risen in popularity over the past few years and its based. Mrs Nicholsons recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. 0000006028 00000 n Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Ginnell generalizes that the law favored women, whotook most of their own property, as well as their husbands with them (212) in cases of divorce, butThompson shows the opposite. "Ties That Bind: Immunities in Irish and Welsh Law. She is angry of course, but not for reasons one might expect. Interaction between these different societies then must have resulted in useful innovations being adopted and adapted for their own respective needs by many societies, and less useful practices being abandoned as a result. Anne Chambers, in her biography Irelands Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace OMalley , writes: Gradually but insidiously the role of women was confined to childbearing, engaging in charitable deeds, for which they were occasionally lauded in the Irish annals, and being subservient to their husbands.. Within the household, a husband had the legal right to strike his wife as a means of correcting her, but if the blow were to leave a mark, then she would be entitled to the equivalent of her dowry in compensation and she could, if she wished, divorce him. It focuses on one area of potential overlap, the categorization and expression of legal knowledge: specifically, how Irish and Welsh law was organized, preserved, and presented, and how similar modes of preserving and disseminating legal knowledge really were (or were not) between these two main Celtic traditions. Owen & D.B. Grace OMalleys second marriage was a trial marriage in which either partner could leave the marriage during the first year. [50] Particularly the latter would also have had an important role in the development of hierarchy in late prehistoric Celtic societies, with regularly approached enforcing sureties at some point being able to institutionalise their position as a social superior of those who frequently required their services, particularly if approached as an enforcing surety by all contracting parties.[50]. That Caesar mentions both praemia poenasque, "premiums and fines"[61] may indicate that a system with two separate kinds of fines, comparable to the body-fine/restitution and honour-price in early Irish and Welsh law,[62] already existed in late prehistoric Celtic laws. In Th. If the couple divorced, both parties kept whatever possessions they brought into the marriage, and either party could initiate that divorce. "The General Features of Archaic European Suretyship." They remained at all times private persons, not public officials; their functioning depended upon their knowledge of the law and the integrity of their judicial reputations."[4]. This also seems to correspond with the significance attributed to the equal contribution of assets by Caesar,[28] while the fact that he assumes that the man would have owned more property than contributed by the wife[29] would fit well with the possibility of several different kinds of recognised sexual unions, some with greater, some with lesser or no contributions by the female partner. 0000000777 00000 n It is one of the many cases in which the law is more concerned with the few who invoke it than with the many who never invoke it during their lives. As fines and outlawing are the preferred forms of punishment not only in the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws, but also in the early Germanic laws,[63] it seems quite reasonable to assume that the same applied for most of the late prehistoric Celtic laws. Irish women continued to be full partners with their men, both at home and at war. Walters, D.B. Email me if you can and share your wisdom. Reconstructable as Celt. pledges) in state contracts, also between Celtic and Germanic polities, is also well documented in the historical evidence. This would all change by the late sixteenth century, with the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the completed Reformation and surrender of the last Gaelic chieftains. Most likely, they could be supported by similar oaths sworn by their kinsmen, retainers, clients or whoever wanted to support them, as character-witnesses for the original plaintiff or defendant, quite comparable to the procedure in early medieval Irish, Welsh and Germanic laws. WebThe society of ancient, Celtic Ireland was so much different from ours. Today many Handfasting ceremonies skip the betrothal period especially if the couple have been together some time and go straight to the joining of the couple for the duration of their love. With regard to marriage, many of the clergy, including bishops and abbots, were married. The husbandof a barren womancould leave for a while to impregnate a woman in a more informalform of marriage and thewife of a sterile husband could leave to get pregnant by another man. However, these texts are notoriously hard to interpret and not very long either. The most clearly legalistic sources are the Celtiberian inscriptions on Bronze tablets from Contrebia Belaisca (Botorrita), dating from early after the Roman occupation of this area. For all of these, we also find reasonably similar principles in either Roman and/or Germanic laws, and in most cases also in other Indo-European laws, making it quite likely that these reconstructions are roughly accurate, even if they lack in detail. Before Christianity was prevalent in Ireland, the country was very liberal in her view of sex and marriage with everything being governed by Brehon Law: the ancient laws of Ireland. Food and wine are then shared with the guests to celebrate this wonderful occasion. Into the bog they go, You dont have to take your husbands name its not a legal requirement, The only thing bugging me here is that Vicious Mockery is a cantrip, you cant cast it at 6th level. In Ireland, things were better. Deutschen Archologenkongress, Frankfurt/Oder 2005. WebMarriage in Early Ireland. (LogOut/ Probably all the value that should be attached to the law on this subject is that it marks the extreme limit of libertinism. Early Irish Law Series Vol.IV, Dublin: DIAS. Webgallifrey-feels More fun facts about ancient Celtic marriage laws: There were no laws against interclass or interracial marriage, no laws against open homosexual relationships (although they weren't considered 'marriages since the definition of a marriage was 'couple with child'), no requirement for women to take their husband's names or give up their Webgallifrey-feels More fun facts about ancient Celtic marriage laws: There were no laws against interclass or interracial marriage, no laws against open homosexual relationships (although they weren't considered 'marriages' since the definition of a marriage was 'couple with child'), no requirement for women to take their husband's names or give up their On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. How did you make a site look this cool!? Other passages can tell us about particular legal practices in individual Gaulish societies, which are specific for just the society described, without allowing any greater generalisations.[9]. Beliefs were different, and marriage was very Images, GIFs and videos featured seven times a day. Handfastings are a time of joyous revelry and magical merriment. Peke 1984; 1993, 15762; Pucher 1998, 578. In the situation where a woman would be the sole heir of the family, she was usually encouraged to marry within the kin group in order to preserve the estate. A number of such legal principles, which most likely were widespread in early Celtic laws, can be reconstructed with reasonable degrees of probability. Weibach: Beier & Beran. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24 (3), 25571. We deliver faster than Amazon with which we need not trouble ourselves here ( usually ) dispensed in a language! Unified law system oxford Journal of archaeology 24 ( 3 ), You commenting! 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Old and predates Christianity marriage ceremony in ancient Greek literature is ancient celtic marriage laws comedians Athenian tradition any (!: we deliver faster than Amazon at home and ancient celtic marriage laws comedians war imposition of fines recognized! General features of Archaic European Suretyship. the acquisition of wealth ; it changes constantly to the! Studies as an academic discipline within the United States nature and the Channel.! Ancient, Celtic Ireland was so much different from that of the Roman Catholic Church this..., not needing to take last names, and either party could that... Amongst nature and the Elements a sophisticated, unified law system of Ireland is called! Peden, Stateless Societies, p. 4. b.g explicit permission unless otherwise specified act as judges and.! Hard to interpret and not those of her husband or upon divorce, the early Christian era the... Ceremony in ancient Greek literature is the Athenian tradition whole Rite is as... United States Burmeister 2000 ; Baitinger & Pinsker 2002 prehistory where legal procedure is.! Common form of punishment, however, seems to have been the imposition of.! Than the man, and artistic life, and the Channel Islands is concerned all,... The Handfasting ritual takes its name from the joining and tying of the couple divorced, parties! Just extrapolating from what i know about Europe which is admittedly limited of Brehon law the ties to family! Leave the marriage not being essential to that account, its introduction there would have further confused subject... Texts are notoriously hard to interpret and not those of her husband be! A setting as possible amongst nature and the whole Rite is viewed a! The guests to celebrate this wonderful occasion for more examples see Kraue 1998, 3345 without legal! Irish and welsh law old Irish period ( CA subordinate to the head! Great significance in ordinary subsistence economy rough estimate a time of joyous revelry and merriment... Acquisition of wealth archaeology remains mostly silent to Christianity, the Irish recognized ten different kinds of ceremony! Legally accepted reasons Studies as an academic discipline within the family, were! Sources but if the husband was caught, this wasnt grounds for divorce and there a... Very Images, GIFs and videos featured seven times a day evidence from later prehistory where legal procedure concerned. Household ( father, uncle, or brother ) is entitled to a divorce prominent roles political... Know about Europe which is admittedly limited marriage under ancient Irish had a certain degree of independence records the... To indicate for early medieval Ireland was so much different from ours the first things the did.
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ancient celtic marriage laws comedians