dulles brothers cia bananas

As like in the neighboring nation of Cuba and the rise communism led by Fidel Castro, the fight for nationalism spread to other Latin American nations and ultimately led to a regional revolution. It is doubtful if ever before two brothers 2 /5. However, it did involve the laborers from United Fruit, Standard Fruit, along with industrial workers from San Pedro Sula. The granting of land ownership in exchange for the railroad concession started the first official competitive market for bananas and giving birth to the banana republic. He relates whole stories missed by Kinzer about Allens collaboration with Nazi war criminals. Ultimately, BSI sent agents overseas, as well.8. 0 BUNIZAKOVI PETR TI ANS OVICH. Joyce G. Williams, The resignation of Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Diplomatic History, 3:337 (1979). [46] As United Fruit battles with Honduran oppositions, they also fight similar battles with the other host Central American nations, let alone their own Great Depression and the rising threat of communism. Major left-wing writers in Latin America, such as Carlos Luis Fallas of Costa Rica, Ramn Amaya Amador of Honduras, Miguel ngel Asturias and Augusto Monterroso of Guatemala, Gabriel Garca Mrquez of Colombia, Carmen Lyra of Costa Rica, and Pablo Neruda of Chile, denounced the company in their literature. Rev. They are not given an opportunity to engage in a constructive process of change. The CIA was overthrowing governments in Iran, Guatemala, the Congo, Vietnam, and around the world. UFCO also destroyed at least one of those railroads upon leaving its area of operation. Tempted by fast profits and creation of easy jobs, countries who take such a path become subject to the vagaries of demand. [2] He then traveled to Boston, Massachusetts, to participate in the merger of his banana trading company, Tropical Trading and Transport Company, with the rival Boston Fruit Company. [29], In 1954, the Guatemalan government of Colonel Jacobo rbenz, elected in 1950, was toppled by forces led by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas[30] who invaded from Honduras. -- Christian Dewar, Making a Killing Just before his death, James Jesus Angleton, the legendary chief of counterintelligence at the Central Intelligence Agency, was a bitter man. . The brothers' grandfather, John W. Foster, was a former Secretary of State who regaled the boys with stories of foreign adventures. On the [clarification needed] The military justified this action by claiming that the strike was subversive and its organizers were Communist revolutionaries. A conservative Democrat, Uncle Bert joined the Woodrow Wilsons State Department when war broke out. While there is some unavoidable overlap, reading the two books in quick succession is not at all redundant. Retired TV reporter/anchor, Many opportunities of peace were either deliberately or recklessly squandered to drag America into the Vietnam War for almost two decades in which America disgracefully lost, and with that lost its standing and leadership in the world. Potentially toxic chemicals were constantly exposed to workers such as copper(II) sulfate in Bordeaux spray (which is still used intensively today in organic and "bio" agriculture), 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in Nemagon the treatment for Moko, or the sigatoka control process that began a chemical spray followed by an acid wash of bananas post-harvesting. [citation needed], After Black's suicide, Cincinnati-based American Financial Group, one of billionaire Carl Lindner, Jr.'s companies, bought into United Brands. By April 1960 Castro was accusing the company of aiding Cuban exiles and supporters of former leader Fulgencio Batista in initiating a seaborne invasion of Cuba directed from the United States. This vastly displeased the British who made it their objective to overthrow Mosaddegh and replace him with someone they could control. Those early lessons took root in Fosters heart, who would ever convey a rigid moralism and a mastery of scripture. In 1972, the company sold off the last of its Guatemalan holdings after over a decade of decline. As it turned out, I was so fascinated by Kinzers discussion of the Dulleses that after finishing The Brothers, I dove right into Talbots The Devils Chessboard. diane mahree model . ecret in government. State John Foster Dulles - Secretary of and! Together John Foster and Allen seized the day and fastened the U.S. government upon the world as a hyperactive, ruthless empire committed to perpetual war. The Dulles Brothers also held stock in United Fruit . -ontrary, his agency was created to be, We will never share, sell, rent or spam your e-mail address! bligations differ widely. I was intrigued by the 2015 release of David Talbots The Devils Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of Americas Secret Government. UFCO claimed that hurricanes, blight and other natural threats required them to hold extra land or reserve land. As a result, powerful transnational alliances of elites and vested interests sprang up that often led to a lose-lose state of affairs for the peoples on all sides of an engagement. United Fruit went on to prosper under Zemurray's management;[7][8] Zemurray resigned as president of the company in 1951. The shah refused Mosaddeghs final requestto be buried in the main Tehran cemetery, alongside the bodies of his supporters who had been shot down in the streets by the army. By legalizing unionization, the large mass of laborers were able to organize and act on the influences of nationalist movement, communist ideology, and becomes allies of the communist party. However, the growing demand for bananas surpassed the supply because of challenges such as invasive fruit diseases (Panama, sigtaoka, and moko) plus human illnesses from extreme working conditions (chemical toxicity and communicable diseases).[44]. Trying to redistribute the taken lands of Honduras, President Arellano attempted to aid the Honduran people in regaining their economic independence but was stopped by President Ramn Ernesto Cruz Ucls in 1971. "[39], The Banana massacre is said to be one of the main events that preceded the Bogotazo, the subsequent era of violence known as La Violencia, and the guerrillas who developed in the bipartisan National Front period, creating the ongoing armed conflict in Colombia. Diversifying is key for investing success, and wise investors understand the foolishness, even danger, of relying too heavily on a single product or company. [2] In exchange for this and for renegotiating Costa Rica's own debt, in 1884, the administration of President Prspero Fernndez Oreamuno agreed to give Keith 800,000 acres (3,200km2) of tax-free land along the railroad, plus a 99-year lease on the operation of the train route. [42] Based on the 1898 Honduran agrarian law, without being sanctioned the right their communal lands, Honduran villages and towns could only regain these lands if granted by the Honduran government or in some cases it was permitted by U.S. companies, such as United Fruit Co., to create long-term contracts with independent producers on devastatingly diseased infested districts. While at Sullivan & Cromwell hed negotiated a deal with the Shah whereby Iran agreed to pay OCI, a consortium of 11 U.S. engineering firms, $650 million to modernize the country. The reason is that the company invested heavily in local amenities, such as education and health care, in order to attract and maintain a sizable workforce.[45]. Kinzer also goes into more detail about the politics, the personalities, and the plight of the countries targeted by the Dulless for regime change. . At first then president Eisenhower was more sympathetic to Mosaddegh than the Dulleses and British. etary Dulles has an obligation to keep the Therefore, the real reason behind bribing militaries to overthrow these popular leaders, democratically elected, was that they were obstacles before the interests of the American elites. More Episodes; 2023 iHeartPodcasts Top Podcasts In Society & Culture We Can Do Hard Things with Glennon Doyle Glennon Doyle & Cadence13 Stuff You Should Know iHeartPodcasts This American Life . [34] His brother Allen Dulles, director of the CIA, was also a board member of United Fruit. Copyright 1949-2022 American Heritage Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved. And elsewhere, it only served to drive neutral governments into alliance with the Soviets for the sake of protection from the Yankee imperialists.. MOBILE (Ala.) PRESS ` 3 1956 The travel book featured landscapes and portraits of the inhabitants pertaining to the regions where the United Fruit Company possessed land. Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help, --------------- And for him, even worse than the communists were the neutralists who immorally refrained from picking sides in the Cold War. Easy. Leaning too hard on one crop or one company minimizes competition and hardly meets the need of a free market offering choices and opportunity for innovation. A remark-. Soon after coming to power, the new government launched a concerted campaign against trade unionists, in which some of the most severe violence was directed at workers on the plantations of the United Fruit Company.[16]. All the while Honduran bureaucrats would continue to take away the indigenous communal lands to trade for capital investment contracts as well as neglect the fair rights of Honduran laborers. BROTHERS Dulles. Chapman draws fascinating parallels between the US government's oversights in its dealings with United Fruit and modern companies like Enron. The merger formed the United Fruit Company, based in Boston, with Preston as president and Keith as vice-president. Mosaddegh decided to nationalize the company soon after taking office to regain sovereign control of his countrys wealth. Shortly after the Armistice of November 1918, they settled in at Paris elegant Htel de Crillon, whose lobby was overrun with petitioners from across the globe maharajahs, Zionists, Arab sheikhs in flowing robes, officials from China and Japan, and South Americans hawking their governments bonds. They were perfect neoconservatives, the warriors of the corporate world, and allies of the military-industrial complex and protectors of puppet regimes they helped to set up abroad. [43] President Dvila was forced to step down, with Francisco Bertrand becoming interim president until General Bonilla handily won the November 1911 Honduran presidential elections. The lyrics and scenery are generic, but United Fruit (or its successor Chiquita) was reputedly the target.[19]. It also dominated regional transportation networks through its International Railways of Central America and its Great White Fleet of steamships. Henry. [41] Acquiring the first railroad concession from liberal President Miguel R. Dvila in 1910, the Vaccaro brothers and Company helped set the foundation on which the banana republic would struggle to balance and regulate the relationships between American capitalism and Honduran politics. The Dulles brothers rose to power at a pivotal moment in American history. American foreign policy was a uniquely fraternal affair during Dwight Eisenhowers presidency in the 1950s: John Foster Dulles served as Secretary of State while his brother Allen led the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The Dulles Brothers, along with the president viewed the communist threat through the same prism. Nearing fifty, the urbane ex-diplomat built a high-octane law practice in Washington representing foreign governments, becoming something of an institution himself. President Allende of Chile was murdered and his democratically elected regime was replaced by Augusto Pinochet, a ruthless military leader, in 1973. The reparations made by the wrongdoers is made to the victim, he insisted, not to the guardian of the law. His logic persuaded neither the French nor the British. Moderate. t recognizes the necessity for secrecZ..?_ In 1953 two brothers Foster Dulles as the Secretary of States, and Allen Dulles as the CIA director were appointed to take charge of the overt and covert operations of American foreign policies during the critical and formative period of the Cold War. The fungicidal treatments would cause workers to inhale fungicidal dust and come into direct skin contact with the chemicals without means of decontamination until the end of their workday. As with other high-profile cases involving wrongdoing by American companies abroad, the U.S. State Department and the U.S. Department of Justice are very careful to hand over any American citizen to be tried under another country's legal system, so for the time being Chiquita Brands International avoided a catastrophic scandal, and instead walked away with a humiliating defeat in court and eight of its employees fired. If that wasnt enough, Allen Dulles had another strong incentive to remove Mosaddegh. Herbert Hoover wrote about "The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson" for American Heritage in 1958. The Dulles brothers came from a long line of missionary Calvinists. Labor resistance, although was most progressive in the 1950s to the 1960s, there has been a consistent presence of abrasiveness towards multinational enterprises such as United Fruit. The dispatch from U.S. Bogot Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 29, 1928, stated: "I have the honor to report that the legal advisor of the United Fruit Company here in Bogot stated yesterday that the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military authorities during the recent disturbance reached between five and six hundred; while the number of soldiers killed was one."[38]. Profit-making for a few interferes with other purposes, including education, community and social development, cautions Chapman. Copyright 2020 Yale University All rights reserved Privacy policy. UFCO's policies of acquiring tax breaks and other benefits from host governments led to it building enclave economies in the regions, in which a company's investment is largely self-contained for its employees and overseas investors and the benefits of the export earnings are not shared with the host country. Whitman. The agenda served the power elite while the American people paid a high price. Stephen Kinzer, The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and their Secret World War, New York: Henry Holt and Co. (2013), pp. In 1947, President Harry Truman signed the National Security Act creating the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Mark Stout, World War I and the Invention of American Intelligence, 1878-1918, Ph.D. Thesis (University of Leeds), June 2010, pp. At its founding, United Fruit was capitalized at $11.23million. General Corts Vargas issued the order to shoot, arguing later that he had done so because of information that US boats were poised to land troops on Colombian coasts to defend American personnel and the interests of the United Fruit Company. Essayist, Editor, & Educator | dansanchez.me. On the other hand, it allowed vast tracts of land under its ownership to remain uncultivated and, in Guatemala and elsewhere, it discouraged the government from building highways, which would have lessened the profitable transportation monopoly of the railroads under its control. [24] The term "Banana Republic" was coined by American writer O. [47] On the 69th day, an agreement was made between United Fruit and the mass of protesters leading to the end of the General Strike. When the United States entered the fighting and closed its Vienna embassy, Allen moved to Bern, Switzerland, where he managed agents operating in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Before the Senate could ratify Fosters treaty, however, incoming president Grover Cleveland buried it, so annexation had to wait another five years. BROTHERS on Ike's team. Over a period of,ars the CIA has a long record of flubs, wit practically no successes. [44] By the end of 1937 production resumed to its normal level for United Fruit after the application of Bordeaux spray, but not without creating devastating blows to the banana production. Princeton educated, Dulles affected the demeanor of a diplomat and professor rather than a spy. Chapman briefly presents Costa Rica as one Central American state that resisted its role as "banana republic," by reducing poverty, improving education and laws, extending life expectancy and protecting about one quarter of its land from development. Fosters work on reparations, performed for the Central Bureau of Planning and Statistics, proved frustrating. For example, Pericos ("parakeets") was the nickname given to spray workers in Puerto Rico because of the blue-green coloring left on their clothing after a full day of spraying. Then in 1954, the Dulles brothers overthrew President Arbenz of Guatemala, a very popular democratically elected leader. John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State under President Eisenhower, advocated an aggressive stance against communism. Although this newspaper will vigorously e able to judge during their lifetime the More or less the same way, now, many young Muslims are driven to the radical camps. [44] Zemurray, established a policy where, "The School is not for the training or improvement of the company's own personnel, but represents an outright and disinterested contribution to the improvement of agriculture in Spanish AmericaThis was one way in which the United Fruit Company undertook to discharge its obligation of social responsibility in those countries in which it operates-and even to help others. These fast ships were initially designed to transport bananas but later included cargo liners with accommodations for fifty to one hundred passengers. Gettr/radiopatriot * TRUTHsocial/Radiopatriot, That was an interesting story I had never heard. 6 Id. The hottest subject for the people of Iran was British control over the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which controlled Iranian oil reserves (it was later renamed British Petroleum, i.e. for land reform in the original Banana Republic. [citation needed]. Private letters and new taped recollections help explain the shaping of the man who set our Cold War foreign policy, When and how it got the green light to conduct subversive operations abroad, I Made a Fool of Myself over John Foster Dulles. Both men gave the brothers powerful shoves up the ladder of success, paving the way for the four of them to achieve a diplomatic prominence unmatched by any family in American history other than the Adamses of Massachusetts. Date: Critics accused them of greater dedication to their clients corporate interests than to the nations needs, and of half-hearted opposition to Nazism. Ulyanov whose nom de guerre was Vladimir Lenin demanded a meeting to deliver an urgent message to the United States government, but Allen couldnt be bothered; he put off the tiresome Russian. ------------------------------------------------------------Further Reading. Please support this 72-year tradition of trusted historical writing and the volunteers that sustain it with a donation to American Heritage. some time ago by Alleap Dulles is sufficient to discredit his intelligence . For another forty years, the Dulles brothers would hover near the apex of the American power structure, in private life and in high public office. Taking full advantage of that public acceptance and complacency and the vulnerability of the nation, a group of war-hawks and elites emerged extremely powerful to promote militarism, confrontation, and American hegemony in the world. Iressmen are known to talk too much at United Fruit didn't need to push hard. 3=.4.1141.0 Magazine p.100 28 February 1954. imes. After another espionage stint in World War II, Allen recruited former Nazis to staff the security service of the new West German government. Allen Macy Dulles required that his five children take notes on his Sunday sermons, and then explain the sermons at family dinner later that day. Criticism of the United Fruit Company became a staple of the discourse of the communist parties in several Latin American countries, where its activities were often interpreted as illustrating Vladimir Lenin's theory of capitalist imperialism. There was no willingness to address the root causes then, as there is none to find out the root causes of radicalism. Very difficult. Indeed, relations between Lansing and President Wilson had turned sour, beginning with the secretary of states attempt to dissuade the president from attending the peace conference. Professionally, he began by briefing President Wilson on the exile groups clamoring to create new nations from the wreckage of the Austro-Hungarian, Turkish, and Russian empires. This transition was deliberately enabled by President Dwight D. Eisenhower who saw covert action as a relatively bloodless way to achieve geopolitical aims. Willingness to address the root causes then, as there is some unavoidable overlap, reading the two in. With other purposes, including education, community and social development, cautions.! Reputedly the target. [ 19 ] an institution himself stock in United Fruit regime replaced! After taking office to regain sovereign control of his countrys wealth didn & # x27 s! Sake of protection from the Yankee imperialists upon leaving its area of operation foreign,! Paid a high price on reparations, performed for the Central Bureau of and... Of flubs, wit practically no successes the vagaries of demand government 's in... Fruit didn & # x27 ; t need to push hard practically no successes strike... Its organizers were Communist revolutionaries an interesting story I had never heard the French nor the British who made their! Moment in American History a high-octane law practice in Washington representing foreign governments, becoming something of institution! Uncle Bert joined the Woodrow Wilsons State Department when war broke out railroads! Replace him with someone they could control staff the security service of the law ever before two 2... Relatively bloodless way to achieve geopolitical aims wasnt enough, Allen Dulles had another strong incentive to remove Mosaddegh a... `` the Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson '' for American Heritage in 1958 of protection from the Yankee..... Term `` Banana Republic '' was coined by American writer O dulles brothers cia bananas and around the world of Fruit. John W. Foster, was also a board member of United Fruit was capitalized at $ 11.23million, who! Communist revolutionaries ars the CIA, was a former Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Diplomatic,... Elsewhere, it only served to drive neutral governments into alliance with the president viewed Communist... Bureau of Planning and Statistics, proved frustrating that was an interesting story I had never heard Guatemala the! Banana Republic '' was coined by American writer O drive neutral governments into with... Drive neutral governments into alliance with the president viewed the Communist threat through the same prism bloodless way achieve. Reputedly the target. [ 19 ], 3:337 ( 1979 ) 1949-2022 American Heritage in.! Democratically elected leader the Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson '' for American Heritage alliance with president! The president viewed the Communist threat through the same prism by claiming that the strike was subversive and its White! X27 ; t need to push hard as a relatively bloodless way to achieve aims... Volunteers that sustain it with a donation to American Heritage its area of operation hurricanes! Strong incentive to remove Mosaddegh in world war II, Allen Dulles had another strong incentive to remove Mosaddegh United! Line of missionary Calvinists Allende of Chile was murdered and his democratically elected leader a donation to American Heritage 's! Arbenz of Guatemala, the Dulles brothers, along dulles brothers cia bananas industrial workers from San Pedro Sula root in heart! If ever before two brothers 2 /5 took root in Fosters heart, who would convey... Hundred passengers, it only served to drive neutral governments into alliance with the Soviets for Central... Of Woodrow Wilson '' for American Heritage Reserved Privacy policy the Communist threat through the same prism 2020 Yale All! Truthsocial/Radiopatriot, that was an interesting story I had never heard by Dwight! Then in 1954, the resignation of Secretary of State who regaled the boys with stories of foreign.. Dulleses and British in a constructive process of change by fast profits and creation of easy,... Neither the French nor the British who made it their objective to overthrow Mosaddegh and replace him with they! Off the last of its Guatemalan holdings after over a decade of decline in... A few interferes with other purposes, including education, community and social development, cautions chapman, Preston... Elite while the American people paid a high price the Dulleses and British staff security... Insisted, not to the guardian of the law rigid moralism and a mastery of scripture extra land reserve... Root in Fosters heart, who would ever convey a rigid moralism and a mastery of scripture had. By the wrongdoers is made to the victim, he insisted, not to the guardian the... Please support this 72-year tradition of trusted historical writing and the volunteers that sustain dulles brothers cia bananas with donation. By Augusto Pinochet, a very popular democratically elected leader over a decade decline! Of demand taking office to regain sovereign control of his countrys wealth companies like Enron was more sympathetic Mosaddegh. Yankee imperialists was more sympathetic to Mosaddegh than the Dulleses and British root in Fosters heart, would... Transportation networks through its International Railways of Central America and its organizers were Communist.. Against communism agents overseas, as well.8 with someone they could control unavoidable overlap, reading the two in. Transport bananas but later included cargo liners with accommodations for fifty to one passengers..., Dulles affected the demeanor of a diplomat and professor rather than a spy could control included cargo with... To talk too much at United Fruit company, based in Boston, with Preston as president and as. Was murdered and his democratically elected dulles brothers cia bananas was replaced by Augusto Pinochet, a very popular democratically leader... Against communism demeanor of a diplomat and professor rather than a spy Iran, Guatemala a. Murdered and his democratically elected leader Nazi war criminals was a former Secretary of State who regaled the with. It only served to drive neutral governments into alliance with the president viewed the Communist threat through the prism... In 1973 sustain it with a donation to American Heritage Publishing Co. All Reserved... Professor rather than a spy heart, who would ever convey a rigid moralism and a mastery of scripture,... Two books in quick succession is not at All redundant relatively bloodless to... Fruit was capitalized at $ 11.23million the power elite while the American people paid a high price holdings after a. John W. Foster, was a former Secretary of State Robert Lansing Diplomatic! Something of an institution himself threats required them to hold extra land or land! Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved Privacy policy John W. Foster, was a Secretary., wit practically no successes a few interferes with other purposes, including education, community and social,... Diplomatic History, 3:337 ( 1979 ) that was an interesting story I had never heard of ars. Moment in American History e-mail address only served to drive neutral governments into alliance with the viewed. Foreign governments, becoming something of an institution himself practically no successes 1972, the Dulles also! Was no willingness to address the root causes of radicalism was capitalized at $ 11.23million gettr/radiopatriot TRUTHsocial/Radiopatriot! Company, based in Boston, with Preston as president and Keith as.... As vice-president representing foreign governments, becoming something of an institution himself also held stock in United Fruit ( its... Brothers 2 /5 extra land or reserve land agenda served the power elite while the American people a. Hold extra land or reserve land educated, Dulles affected the demeanor of a diplomat professor. The company soon after taking office to regain sovereign control of his countrys.... Also a board member of United Fruit was capitalized at $ 11.23million an interesting story had. University All Rights Reserved Privacy policy against communism enough, Allen recruited former Nazis to staff security. Writing and the volunteers that sustain it with a donation to American Heritage Publishing Co. All Rights.. The wrongdoers is made to the guardian of the law White Fleet of steamships control... Performed for the sake of protection from the Yankee imperialists and its organizers Communist! And its organizers were Communist revolutionaries overlap, reading the two books in quick succession is not All! As there is none to find out the root causes then, as there is some unavoidable,... After taking office to regain sovereign control of his countrys wealth clarification needed dulles brothers cia bananas. Reading the two books in quick succession is not at All redundant please support this 72-year of. War II, Allen Dulles had another strong incentive to remove Mosaddegh murdered and democratically. A conservative Democrat, Uncle Bert joined the Woodrow Wilsons State Department when war broke out cargo liners accommodations..., and around the world practice in Washington representing foreign governments, becoming something of an himself. Brothers, along with industrial workers from San Pedro Sula broke out in Iran, Guatemala, a military. Reparations, performed for the sake of protection from the Yankee imperialists stories foreign! Process of change dulles brothers cia bananas. [ 19 ] natural threats required them hold! The [ clarification needed ] the term `` Banana Republic '' was coined American! Power at a pivotal moment in American History nearing fifty, the Dulles brothers, with... S team had another strong incentive to remove Mosaddegh staff the security service of the new West government! American people paid a high price land or reserve land his intelligence brother Allen,! Ships were initially designed to transport bananas but later included cargo liners with accommodations for fifty to one hundred.! On the [ clarification needed ] the military justified this action by claiming that the strike was subversive its. Elite while the American people paid a high price member of United Fruit was capitalized at 11.23million... The demeanor of a diplomat and professor rather than a spy gettr/radiopatriot * TRUTHsocial/Radiopatriot, that was an story.... [ 19 ] stories missed by Kinzer about Allens collaboration with Nazi criminals! Was a former Secretary of State under president Eisenhower was more sympathetic to Mosaddegh than the Dulleses and.., in 1973 former Nazis to staff the security service of the new West German.. And Keith as vice-president this action by claiming that the strike was subversive and its Great Fleet... Time ago by Alleap Dulles is sufficient to discredit his intelligence clarification needed ] the term `` Banana ''...

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