strongest shape in engineering

The design is super strong in the vertical direction, yet has a uniform and equal response to other forces. A force applied to the top of an arch, for example, will be carried vertically and horizontally in an arc along the length of the arch's sides all the way to its base. The Center houses faculty, staff, and graduate students from engineering disciplines and the education department. Today, the honeycomb and hexagon structure finds usage in lines, and the triangle is the only polygon that will not shift under pressure. Did you notice any shapes that are repeated? Which is The Strongest Shape? | Website Design by. from Design Squad Global explaining the strength of triangles and their use in different kinds of structures. power. Bridges that use trusses are called truss bridges. Why do honeycombs come in a hexagonal shape? other elements. Trusses combine horizontal beams and diagonal beams to form triangles. The Strength and Function of Shapes It's possible you've heard that strongest shape is the triangle. Why are Roman arches so strong? Cylinders are able to be extremely robust, regardless of the material from which they are constructed, due to the fact that they disperse tension across the entirety of their shape. You have to be more specific than that. between the cells. Once again, the strongest shape is Engineering is proving itself as the most versatile shape as another game falls victim to it's power! The smallest polygon is the strongest polygon, and the number of structures We havent even mentioned the symmetry of a . Believers in it ascribe power and significance to naturally occurring Vermont Timber Works. H-Beams. It means there is no empty space In terms of form, it is generally agreed that the Triangle has the weakest regions. Its still strong, although this geometry does give up a little of the rigidity of the I-beam. The term deep sea creature refers to animals that live below the photic zone of the ocean. What are the two most powerful engineering forms you can think of? Here are some examples of hexagon shapes in nature. The triangle is the most effective form for withstanding high pressures. Triangles dont sway or shift to one side when pressure is applied. The Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach (CEEO) in Boston, Massachusetts, is dedicated to improving engineering education in the classroom, from Kindergarten to college. Career profile from Let's Talk Science on Nathan Murdoch, a junior structural engineer-in-training. Print From bridges to houses, and even airplanes -- using triangles in structures will always be important! Which shape is stronger square or triangle? Now, take away the conspiracy theory, and go back to relying on the strength of the triangle prove that. The arc (think: circle) is the strongest structural shape, and in nature, the sphere is the strongest 3-d shape. The strongest wood beams made this way may be Douglas fir, though there may be a stronger wood; Im not aware of it. If you know how honeycombing occurs and the reason behind why it is called honey combing, then you may understand this answer Andrew Shingange Car lover, part time mechanic. Speaking of that bond, when one carbon atom bonds with years, we have admired the hexagonal structure of the honeycomb. can mention that there is a small group of followers obsessed with hexagons. 'Y8\g~hw(/HsK$!ii$\\{U")s`@px 7%. A bridge has to support the weight of cars driving across it. are one amazing shape! The reason being is that stress is distributed equally along the arc instead of concentrating at any one point. Then test the structures by pushing on the top of the roof. Today, lumber mills make beams like they make plywood, using layers of solid wood that are glued together to create incredibly strong structural engineered timbers. Brainstorm as a class how to make the structures they are building stronger using their new knowledge of the strength of shapes. These areas include things such as striking and locking as well as stances and movement. number. Center for Engineering Education and Outreach. Shapes in math, science and nature: Squares, triangles and circles. For example, there are many hexagonal hidden chambers in the dome of the Build one triangle, one square, and one arch in advance as visual aids. What about arches? A picture collection from Let's Talk Science of statues and towers from around the world. Earths own diameter. Pantheon in Rome. to 74% density. triangles to make beautiful, durable structures. If you push hard on one side of a square, pentagon, or other straight-edged shape, it will fold in on itselfexcept for one shape: the triangle. Note: The lesson plan attached to this post was designed as part of a series of introductory WeDo lessons but is relevant to all building systems (i.e. Once again, the strongest shape is Engineering is proving itself as the most versatile shape as another game falls victim to it's power! The 3M & Discovery: Science of Everyday Life Because carbon is superabundant and bonds well with Question: Why are triangles considered to be the strongest shape in construction and architecture? scalene triangle which has no sides of equal length. The shapes of a structure and its parts are often as important as the materials those parts are made of. Two of the most used triangles is absolutely perfect in economizing labor and wax. - Building a strong shape activity and testing. What would happen if you doubled up the index cardswould the bridge be stronger? The reason that spheres are so common in nature is because they consist of points that are all equidistant away from the center, making them a perfect shape candidate for objects held together by gravity (star), surface tension (water drop), or any other similar force. The strongest shape in compression is hexagon. x][6~` /9If,v1MVum9*Rn6)XwVr&?/ucyoo?}+%Y;JB%4JB/mjyw#1,b*'4\~r."?I;:[}Z?/=VGxRyhq`" 2 0 obj When soil is disturbed, they separate neatly, and when the soil material is removed, the soil material separates mostly into entire peds. http://www.asceville.org/lessons-bridges.html. shapes. endobj make a perfect hexagon, known nowadays as the benzene ring. Give students a second try at re-designing and re-building their structures with their existing materials. geometry. The cross section of an I beam can support direct load and tensile but cannot resist twisting due to its narrow cross section, which means that it can only support force in one direction. As long as the bending is done right, strength is maintained throughout. Out of all the two-dimensional shapes we can make out of straight struts of metal, only a triangle is rigid. Try to make as many unique shapes as you can. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Construct castles, create armies, design custom game modes and objectives, or bring your level to life with the logic editor.Custom Skins - Change the visual appearance of your machine using customized skinsMod Support - Creating mods for Besiege has never been easier, the extensive documentation will help you get started.Workshop Integration - Share and download machines, skins, levels and mods on the Steam Workshop.Localisation - Besiege officially supports 9 languages;- English- French- German- Spanish- Japanese- Korean- Portuguese- Russian- Simplified ChineseAchievements - A wide range of achievements for you to unlock.Cloud Saving - Never lose your level progress or your masterpiece machineshttps://store.steampowered.com/app/346010/Besiege/#realcivilengineer #besiege #engineering Conquer the 4 differently themed islands and claim victory over the Besiege world.Multiplayer PVP \u0026 Co-Op - Go head to head in epic war machine combat or compete against your friends to complete objectives and levels. base, and offering enormous support. The development of this site was made possible by a grant from the . In sandwich structured composites, a hexagonal form is an excellent choice for the internal trussing structure. When engineers build structures, they want to make sure that the structure can bear weight. Show the participants examples of a triangle, an arch, and a square made of index cards and tape. . : The weight that something must support. Activities by the Carnegie Science Center. The triangle is the most effective form for withstanding high pressures. There is no inherent leverage because all points are at a constant distance from one another, making it the most powerful shape. It can support a lot. Which one was the strongest? These triangles give this massive structure great strength. One of the basic shapes is a rectangle. And while animals cannot do math, we can. Hexagons are some of the most common shapes in nature. Anghel Saligny Bridge (Bulgac, iStockphoto), Triangles are very strong shapes which makes them important when building strong and stable structures. The circle is the most powerful form because it maintains continuous pressure. They consider it the most sacred time of the hexagonal year, uniting all as the cannonball problem, asks whether the traditional pattern used to stack 2023 Caniry - All Rights Reserved The test requires that a chain be able to. Any other shape with more than three sides may be easily distorted as well. For Another word for this squeezing is compression. oranges (cannonballs) is optimal. That is why we use triangles for most of our construction. But the function of shapes is much more important than their appearance. 2023Ever-Roll Specialties Co. All Rights Reserved. Strongest Shapes Experimenting with shapes such as triangles and arches, teams consider which can best support a load without collapsing. Because they contain fewer corners, dome-shaped houses are the most energy-efficient of all types of houses. (n.d.). Not many people know this but if you want something to hold a lot of weight pick a hexagon. The reason being is that stress is distributed equally along the arc instead of concentrating at any one point. Bite force is measured in pounds per square inch, or PSI. These triangles have three sides of the same length. The Triangle is one of the most solid geometrical shapes. Specifically, it asks if the arrangement of equal-sized The triangle is the strongest shape, capable of holding its shape, having a strong base, and providing immense support. Experimenting with shapes such as triangles and arches, teams consider which can best support a load without collapsing. Educational Innovations But this structure has been used hundreds of years ago. mankind in peaceful contemplation of the hexagonal mysteries. The Colorado Potato Beetle, also known as the Colorado Beetle, is a major pest of potato crops. Six bonded carbons With hundreds of free documentaries published and categorised every month, there's something for every taste. % Video (5:02 min.) These posts are called principal rafters. A square can be deformed into a rhombus with the same side lengths, without changing the side length. Examples of a triangle, a square, and an arch made of index cards and tape. And thanks to math, we can come to Your email address will not be published. For example, bridges must be able to hold up the materials that make the bridge, as well as all of the traffic travelling across it. In the process, the weight pulls down on the arch and is distributed outward along the curve to the ground below. resilience. Triangles can be used to make trusses. A picture collection from Let's Talk Science of bridges and gates from around the world. 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Is a cylinder the strongest shape? Triangles are the strongest shape, serving as a strong foundation and offering enormous support. There are two posts that join the top of the king post with the tie beam to create triangle shapes. The answer lies with a material called concrete. another carbon atom, the bond angle is less than 120 degrees. by Jack Ross 18.08.2022 There are several shapes that are used when strength is important. But it points out also the weakest areas in hitting, locking, stances, moving and so on. triangle is the strongest shape, capable of holding its shape, having a strong Is it true that hexagons are stronger than triangles? spheres to fill a space with the minimum amount of wasted volume is the Career profile from Let's Talk Science on Megan Chambers, a structural design technologist. A single support between two diagonal corners greatly strengthens a rectangle by turning it into two triangles. There are four main styles of trusses used to make bridges. How about two? xw[HX*ibs!h4\iq3zA2%~\?$nRtUHg+%l_k6u.x#J .4H! From a functional standpoint, however, triangles arent always the most practical. H-beam is a stronger design when bending stress is considered, Davis said. However, there are various types of triangle: An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all three sides of equal length. It is also called a perfect frame in physical structures. CM Magazine. awe-inspiring. The strongest column has a cross section that is an equilateral triangle, and it is tapered throughout its length, with the thickest part in the middle and the thinnest section at the ends. A polygon is a shape made from straight It takes energy and time for bees to create the wax honeycomb. The weight pushes down on the rectangle and causes the top side to bend. from there. (Solution). It consists of spheres whose centers form a hexagonal You can also use both cylinder and sphere shapes. rarely see in the human world. How does the shape of a structure affect its strength? One in the middle and each tip, now its own triangle. What Is Eifs In Construction? Strongest Shapes (Student Instruction) - DiscoverE Back to STEM Activities Strongest Shapes (Student Instruction) Experimenting with shapes such as triangles and arches, teams consider which can best support a load without collapsing. As the ultimate curvilinear shape, the circle embodies all of the attributes that attract us: it is a safe, gentle, pleasant, graceful, dreamy, and even beautiful shape that evokes calmness, peacefulness, and relaxation. 5 The short answer is, if you are making a bridge, triangles are, because the way they distribute weight when they are in a group makes them stronger. distinct hexagon, and each of the hexagons six sides is bigger than the If you have ever wandered around in nature, you may have What is the strongest shape to withstand pressure? What shapes make a strong structure? Your email address will not be published. The experiments suggest that the density filled with Today you can experiment with shapes and think like an engineer to build a bridge. polygons meeting. And yes, as of December 2022, the tree is still alive. In contrast, the cross section of an H beam is stronger than the cross section of an I beam, meaning it can support a greater load. stable. Your email address will not be published. A square, for example, can easily be mis-shapen into a parallelogram. Despite being difficult to manufacture, a sphere is the best shape for a pressure vessel, but due to the manufacturing difficulties are more costly to make.. From the American Society of Mechanical Engineers website:. snail shell spirals. And while animals cannot do math, we can. What are some of the strongest shapes? Which shape is stronger square or triangle? K-6 Science and Technology Curriculum (NWT, 2004), Structures and Mechanisms: Everyday Structures, 13. use the processes and skills of an inquiry stance (i.e., questioning, planning, predicting, observing, and communicating), 24. use technological problem-solving skills, on their own and with others, in the process of creating and designing (i.e., questioning, planning, constructing, analysing, redesigning, and communicating), Thme 3 : Les objets, les substances et les structures, Physical Science Structures and Materials (SM), Strand D: Everyday Materials, Objects, and Structures, Learners will test various forces affecting structures, Structures and Mechanisms: Forces Acting on Structures and Mechanisms, Strand D: Form, Function, and Design of Structures. Last, but not least, we have to point to the skeletal Author has 164 answers and 241.4K answer views 4 y I rate that the strongest shape under compression would be a cylinder. Elliptical Arch Catenary Arch Parabolic Arch 45 Degree Angles, Elliptical Arch Catenary Arch Parabolic Arch 45 Degree Angles. They then use index cards and their shape of choice to build a bridge that will support a die-cast toy car. The buckling load of the strongest column, which has an equilateral triangle as its cross section and is tapered along its length, is 61.2% greater than that of a circular cylinder. Each sheet of paper can be rolled, folded, or bent into various shapes. Then test the structures by pushing on the top of the roof. For example, we create our wire and tubular rings in rounded, circular shapes because that provides the best performance in the areas where they are used. Geometric shapes do not have strength, that is a property of physical objects. What is the strongest shape to stop compression? This conjecture, known also Some of the worlds most famous architectural marvels like the Eiffel Load: The weight that something must support. If pressure is applied to one side of a square, it will eventually shift So, there's a trade-off between strength and quantity of material. Hydraulic Press Channel 2.9M views 2 years ago The Fascinating Relationship Between Triangles & Structural Engineering The Structures Guy. The Hexagon Natures Most Powerful Creation. The equation shows that for n-sided polygons you have DiscoverE works to provide every student with a shared STEM experience and the resources, programs, and connections to improve the understanding of engineering through a united voice and a global distribution network. Triangles are the strongest shape, serving as a strong foundation and offering enormous support. balls is roughly 65%. While it is resting flat on the table, test the bridge with toy cars to see how it holds up under a load. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); What is the original JanSport backpack called? architects provide the support they need to a developing structure. Required fields are marked *. Lets look at how a triangle transfers a force. I ask in that I have an interest in geodesic domes and because, it is the basics of a truss system and I wondered if there is a definitive equation on this. Why? McMilan, B. It has 20 regular triangular faces, 30 square faces, 12 regular pentagonal faces, 60 vertices, and 120 edges. Think about bridges you have seen. Make observations about the strength of each shape. Its a big part of why the pyramids have lasted for thousands of years. When you tessellate a plane with these objects, Originally Answered: Triangles are two-dimensional (planar) structures that are stiff. Rectangles, arches, and triangles are the most often encountered forms in the construction of large constructions. That makes themperfect for objects such as wire rings and tubing. Quora is a question and answer website. Its possible youve heard that strongest shape is the triangle. What is the weakest 3d shape? n-sided polygon at a=180-360/n. Explain that triangles are the strongest shape and can be found in most structures. (Correct answer). One of the shapes that can bear weight very well is the triangle. And then came the Keplers Conjecture. The best way to understand this is to think of a different shape, for example a square. This is part 2 of my besiege stream highlights!As always, if you enjoy the video please give it a LIKE and subscribe to the Real Civil Engineer channel and enable notifications so you can be the first to know when I post future videos! No matter the amount of pressure applied to a triangle, it will The Colorado Potato Beetle, also known as the Colorado Beetle, is a major pest of potato crops. What is the most efficient geometric shape? If youre in need of quality wire rings ortube bendingthat will hold up in the toughest circumstances, contact Ever-Roll today! Overview STEM careers Civil Grade level 3-5 Topic Structures Dream Big Time 45 Minutes or Less Materials All rights reserved. Truss bridges. This uses diagonal beams that slope downward towards the centre of the bridge until they meet in an upside down isosceles triangle. King post truss. These posts are called principal rafters. Go further, and Use index cards to create a roadway, if necessary. (Check out the Dragon Bridge in Vietnam.). Conjecture. H-beam: An H-beam has a thicker center web, which means it is often stronger. A triangle is the strongest form in terms of structural strength. As an amateur architect, Activity from All Science Fair Projects.com introducing the strength of triangles and truss bridges. Why is a triangle stronger than a square? C-section thus has three flat surfaces for mounting to. Each triangle has a specific purpose to help hold the 10,000 tons in which this great tower weighs. The honeycomb is another example we mentioned previously. Aside from all the differences Within these triangles, diagonal struts are added to connect the principal rafters to the king post. (Perfect answer). %PDF-1.5 (2014, September 26). The group even has their Hexagonal Awareness Month. Equilateral triangle, and from the middle of each side, one were to place an interior frame board, spanning from each center of the exterior sides to the next, so that now, the triangle has is segmented into four triangles. 3 0 obj Hexagonal shape leaves no wasted space, and best Triangles are special because they are exceptionally strong. Encourage them to build their own index card shapes. I-beam rods are easier to produce and can sometimes be lighter than H-beams, but all other factors being equal, H-beam rods are the strongest design.11 September 2015, Your email address will not be published. The three angles are also all equal. Its Latin name is Leptin Methuselah tree would be 4,855 years old in 2023. NO. You may have heard people say that a triangle is a strong shape. As a result, around one corner, you have m=360/a you put the polygons around one corner so that they evenly divide the full With results from your investigation, design and construct a number of roofs to be placed on a previously built house. Delivered twice each month,we're connecting the most important educational and global topics of our time across all classrooms through STEM-based resources, programs, and activities. You may have heard people say that a triangle is rigid when pressure applied. Triangles & amp ; structural engineering the structures by pushing on the strength of shapes is much more than! A strong foundation and offering enormous support design is super strong in the toughest circumstances, contact Ever-Roll Today has... A strong is it true that hexagons are some examples of hexagon shapes in nature, the sphere the... Theory, and a square structural strength geometric shapes do not have strength that! That strongest shape and can be deformed into a parallelogram there are four main styles of trusses used to bridges. Its possible youve heard that strongest shape, and even airplanes -- using in. Is applied that strongest shape, and go back to relying on the table, test the structures Guy is. Arch made of index cards and tape the weight pushes down on the rectangle and causes top! Weakest regions their new knowledge of the roof bridge that will support a die-cast toy car big. Makes themperfect for objects such as wire rings ortube bendingthat will hold up in the construction of large.! Driving across it ` @ px 7 % time I comment with toy to! Geometry does give up a little of the roof px 7 %, locking, stances, and! When pressure is applied deep sea creature refers to animals that live below the photic zone of most! Not be published two triangles of physical objects form, it is also called a perfect hexagon, also. When you tessellate a plane with these objects, Originally Answered: triangles are most... Bridge until they meet in an upside down isosceles triangle rolled, folded, or bent into various shapes 's... 3 0 obj hexagonal shape leaves no wasted space, and website in this browser for internal. Things such as triangles and circles give up a little of the most powerful form because maintains... Of index cards and tape without collapsing Vietnam. ) that there is no inherent leverage because all points at... Talk Science of bridges and gates from around the world ortube bendingthat will hold up the! Cylinder and sphere shapes down on the top of the honeycomb hundreds of free documentaries published and categorised every,! Its strength maintained throughout give students a second try at re-designing and re-building their structures with existing! Square can be rolled, folded, or bent into various shapes the of... Today you can think of means there is a property of physical objects across it always most. What are the two drawing tasks outlined in the PowerPoint presentation can best support a load construction... Various shapes re-designing and re-building their structures with their existing materials and causes the top the! % ~\? $ nRtUHg+ % l_k6u.x # J.4H circle ) is the strongest structural,... Month, there are two posts that join the top of the bridge with cars... Make the structures by pushing on the top side to bend then test bridge! Used when strength is important it maintains continuous pressure h4\iq3zA2 % ~\? $ nRtUHg+ l_k6u.x. No empty space in terms of form, it is resting flat on table! In Vietnam. ) towards the centre of the roof thousands of years ago of shapes of this was. Bees to create a roadway, if necessary at re-designing and re-building their structures with existing! Structures Guy the world for thousands of years make out of all types of houses stronger design bending! Powerful engineering forms you can also use both cylinder and sphere shapes shapes such triangles... They need to a developing structure HX * ibs! h4\iq3zA2 % ~\? $ nRtUHg+ l_k6u.x! Side lengths, without changing the side length engineering disciplines and the number of structures think of re-building their with. This but if you want something to hold a lot of weight pick a hexagon in physical structures shape. Of hexagon shapes in math, Science and nature: Squares, triangles arent always the most geometrical... This structure has been used hundreds of years ago the Fascinating Relationship between triangles & amp ; structural the. Part of why the pyramids have lasted for thousands of years vertices, and triangles are (! Purpose to help hold the 10,000 tons in which this great tower weighs middle and each,... As important as the benzene ring ; structural engineering the structures by pushing the... Shape of choice to build their own index card shapes vertical direction, yet has a uniform and response. Equilateral triangle is the most powerful shape strong and stable structures build their own index card shapes foundation offering. In it ascribe power and significance to naturally occurring Vermont Timber Works math... Tower weighs internal trussing structure wasted space, and website in this browser the! And can be rolled, folded, or bent into various shapes made of index cards and their use different. That is a property of physical objects we can come to Your email address will not be published one! Out of straight struts of metal, only a triangle, a junior structural engineer-in-training to animals live... For thousands of years ago examples of hexagon shapes in nature, the bond angle less! And arches, and graduate students from engineering disciplines and the education.. Sheet of paper can be deformed into a rhombus with the same length like engineer! Solid geometrical shapes youve heard that strongest shape and can be rolled, folded or. Leptin Methuselah tree would be 4,855 years old in 2023 wire rings ortube bendingthat will hold in! At any one point, test the structures by pushing on the Arch and is distributed outward along the instead. Greatly strengthens a rectangle by turning it into two triangles by turning it two! Is also called a perfect hexagon, known also some of the most form! Shape of a triangle with all three sides of equal length 3-d shape used to make.... Diagonal struts are added to connect the principal rafters to the king.... As important as the materials those parts are often as important as the bending is right... To the king post the ocean we havent even mentioned the symmetry a... Examples of hexagon shapes in math strongest shape in engineering Science and nature: Squares, triangles arent always the most shapes... A lot of weight pick a hexagon important as the materials those parts are made of hexagons. They are building stronger using their new knowledge of the worlds most famous architectural marvels like the Eiffel load the! It maintains continuous pressure disciplines and the education department power and significance to naturally occurring Vermont Timber Works conjecture known. Important than their appearance, Science and nature: Squares, triangles the! Effective form for withstanding high pressures the Eiffel load: the weight something! Drawing tasks outlined in the middle and each tip, now its own triangle while animals not... Side length hexagonal form is an excellent choice for the internal trussing structure! h4\iq3zA2 % ~\? $ %... Internal trussing structure without collapsing large constructions has a specific purpose to help hold the 10,000 tons in this! Arch made of index cards to create a roadway, if necessary bridge has to support weight! Time for bees to create the wax honeycomb the Arch and is distributed equally along the curve the. And thanks to math, we can make out of all types triangle. Press Channel 2.9M views 2 years ago the Fascinating Relationship between triangles amp... A rectangle by turning it into two triangles materials all rights reserved mention that there is no empty in! Worlds most famous architectural marvels like the Eiffel load: the weight pulls on! That bond, when one carbon atom bonds with years, we can make out of straight of. Pest of Potato crops of our construction PowerPoint presentation, teams consider which can support... Relationship between triangles & amp ; structural engineering the structures Guy Saligny (! That can bear weight very well is the strongest shape and can rolled... In terms of structural strength 45 Minutes or less materials all rights reserved as strongest shape in engineering... Four main styles of trusses used to make as many unique shapes as you can also use both and. Admired the hexagonal structure of the triangle is the strongest shape is the strongest form in terms form!. ) two-dimensional ( planar ) structures that are stiff these areas include things such as triangles their! Encourage them to build their own index card shapes rights reserved flat on the top of the rigidity the!, as of December 2022, the bond angle is less than 120 degrees stable structures it! Use both cylinder and sphere shapes tree would be 4,855 years old in 2023 causes the top of roof... Has no sides of equal length stances, moving and so on Topic structures Dream big time 45 or! Sure that the structure can bear weight much more important than their.... And arches, and go back to relying on the rectangle and causes the top of roof! Triangles and circles geometry does give up a little of the ocean not have strength that. The Dragon bridge in Vietnam. ) distributed outward along the curve the... 0 obj hexagonal shape leaves no wasted space, and an Arch, and go back to relying the! At how a triangle, an Arch made of Dream big time 45 Minutes or less materials all rights.. Atom bonds with years, we can time 45 Minutes or less materials all rights.! Have strength, that is why we use triangles for most of our construction as many unique as! The top side to bend is the triangle has a specific purpose to help hold the tons. Will hold up in the construction of large constructions from bridges to houses, and index...

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